Trubyetskoi was one of "the last Russian boyars to survive the end of the boyar period by half a century". Thanks to the influence which the Trubyetskois enjoyed at court, Ivan Trubyetskoi was granted "entree" (that is, allowed to serve in the royal chambers) at the age of sixteen by Tsar Fyodor Alexeyevich, and in 1677 was made a stolnik. Under Peter the Great he was given a commission in the Preobrazhensky regiment. He enjoyed the particular favour of the Tsar, who entrusted him with keeping guard over Tsarevna Sofia, imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent.
At the beginning of the Northern War, Trubyetskoi was taken prisoner near Narva, and it was not until 1718 that he was exchanged for a Swedish general. On returning to Russia, he was given the rank of lieutenant-general and appointed commander of the cavalry regiments in the Ukraine. In 1721 he was appointed governor of Kiev.
Trubyetskoi was to play an important role in the conflict with the Supreme Privy Council following the accession of Anna loannovna. A petition supporting unrestricted imperial power was presented to her, signed by one hundred and fifty members of the nobility: the list of names was headed by Trubyetskoi. Anna loannovna raised Prince Trubyetskoi to the rank of fieldmarshal-general, gave him the title'of senator, and awarded him the orders of St Alexander Nevsky and St Andrew.
On 23 May 1739, a decree was issued reinstituting in Moscow the post of governor-general and appointing Ivan Trubyetskoi to this post. The English diplomatic representative Rondo described the governor as follows: "He is a man of common sense, has no concept whatsoever of foreign affairs, is of a mild and peaceable temperament, considerate and punctilious, and timorous rather than resolute". By this time Trubyetskoi was already seventy-nine years of age, and less than a year later he submitted his resignation on the grounds of age.
The official residence of Trubyetskoi in Moscow was by the Nikolskye Gates.
Ivan Trubyetskoi was buried at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in St.Petersburg.
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