Voyeikov came from an ancient noble line. In the 17th century, Voyei-kovs had been governors of the Dvina, Yelets, Yaroslavl, Pskov, Tomsk, Novosil, Vyazma and Mozhaisk. Many of them won fame on the battlefield.. Twelve members of the Voyeikov family, including Ivan Lukich and his brother Pyotr Lukich, served as stolniki under Peter the Great.
By the early 18th century, Ivan Voyeikov had reached the rank of brigadier. In 1719 he was serving as kommandant in Derpt when a royal decree appointed him deputy governor of the Moscow gubernia (the record of his payment in this post reveals that he took up his duties only on 19 September). In his report to the Senate, Voyeikov wrote: "I have been ordered to be the deputy governor of the Moscow gubernia, and to receive Moscow and the towns assigned to it from the hands of governor Naryshkin and deputy governor Yershov upon my arrival in Moscow", that is, he has been ordered temporarily to assume the duties of both governor and deputy governor.
During the governorship of Voyeikov, the Tsar confirmed a new seal for the Moscow gubernia office. The new seal had an eagle on one side, and St George on the other. In 1720 the first census was taken of the taxable population of the Moscow gubernia. Stone construction work continued in the Kremlin and Kitai-Gorod, while wooden building continued in Byely Gorod and Zemlyanoi Gorod. In April 1721, construction work began on a new military hospital on the Yauza to replace the one that had burned down. That same year, a School of Mathematics was opened at the Nizhni Novgorod hostelry court.
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